This study explores the functional organization of the subthalamic nucleus (STN) in relation to Parkinson’s disease and obsessive-compulsive disorders, focusing on its division into motor, cognitive, and limbic territories. Using two healthy non-human primates (Macaca fascicularis), researchers identified specific electrophysiological markers within the STN: beta band activity for motor behavior, theta band for cognitive, and both gamma and theta bands for limbic components. The experiment involved behavioral tasks with recordings and stimulations through four contacts in the STN, employing both low frequency stimulation (LFS) and high frequency stimulation (HFS). Results showed that dorsolateral HFS and LFS significantly affected motor performances, while ventromedial HFS influenced cognitive performances. This suggests a functional overlap between dorsal motor and ventral cognitive territories in the STN, with a diffuse limbic territory sensitive to reward. This study contributes to a better understanding of the STN’s organization and its role in behavior, which is crucial for improving deep brain stimulation treatments.